急需石油类的英文文章原文加翻译

【专家解说】：1.石油的生成 研究表明，石油的生成至少需要200万年的时间，在现今已发现的油藏中，时间最老的可达到5亿年之久。在地球不断演化的漫长历史过程中，有一些“特殊”时期，如古生代和中生代，大量的植物和动物死亡后，构成其身体的有机物质不断分解，与泥沙或碳酸质沉淀物等物质混合组成沉积层。由于沉积物不断地堆积加厚，导致温度和压力上升，随着这种过程的不断进行，沉积层变为沉积岩，进而形成沉积盆地，这就为石油的生成提供了基本的地质环境。 伴随各种地质作用，沉积盆地中的沉积物持续不断地堆积。当温度和压力达到一定程度后，沉积物中动植物的有机物质转化为碳氧化合物分子，最终生成石油和天然气。 2.石油的聚集 石油不像水聚集在水库中那样聚集在沉积盆地最初形成的岩石——生油源岩，也就是沉积岩中，而是透过岩石的孔隙，被挤压到压力分布更低的岩石裂缝和孔隙中，直至停留在被完全封闭的储集岩中。储集岩是聚集石油的岩石。储集岩形成了储藏石油的地质环境——圈闭构造，它是阻止石油被继续运移的地质构造。石油的这种聚集方式就如同水被一块海绵吸收一样。正因为有了储集岩和圈闭构造，石油才能安静地在地下定居，等待发掘者的到来。 石油的起源 最早提出“石油”一词的是公元977年中国北宋编著的《太平广记》。正式命名为“石油”是根据中国北宋杰出的科学家沈括（1031~1095年）在所著《梦溪笔谈》中，根据这种油“生于水际砂石，与泉水相杂，惘惘而出”而命名的。在“石油”一词出现之前，国外称石油为“魔鬼的汗珠”、“发光的水”等，中国称“石脂水”、“猛火油”、“石漆”等。 我们平时的日常生活中到处都可以见到石油或其附属品的身影，不知你注意了吗？比如汽油、柴油、煤油、润滑油、沥青、塑料、纤维等还有很多！这些都是从石油中提炼出来的；而我们日常所用的天然气（液化气）是从专门的气田中产出的！通过输气管道和气站再输送到各家各户。 目前就石油的成因有两种说法：①无机论 即石油是在基性岩浆中形成的；②有机论 既各种有机物如动物、植物、特别是低等的动植物，像藻类、细菌、蚌壳、鱼类等死后埋藏在不断下沉缺氧的海湾、潟湖、三角洲、湖泊等地，经过许多物理化学作用，最后逐渐形成为石油。 [编辑本段]形貌与成分 原油的颜色非常丰富，有红、金黄、墨绿、黑、褐红、甚至透明；原油的颜色是它本身所含胶质、沥青质的含量，含的越高颜色越深。原油的颜色越浅其油质越好！透明的原油可直接加在汽车油箱中代替汽油！原油的成分主要有：油质（这是其主要成分）、胶质（一种粘性的半固体物质）、沥青质（暗褐色或黑色脆性固体物质）、碳质（一种非碳氢化合物）。 石油由碳氢化合物为主混合而成的，具有特殊气味的、有色的可燃性油质液体！天然气是以气态的碳氢化合物为主的各种气体组成的，具有特殊气味的、无色的易燃性混合气体。 在整个的石油系统中分工也是比较细的： 物探： 专门负责利用各种物探设备并结合地质资料在可能含油气的区域内确定油气层的位置； 钻井： 利用钻井的机械设备在含油气的区域钻探出一口石油井并录取该地区的地质资料； 井下作业： 利用井下作业设备在地面向井内下入各种井下工具或生产管柱以录取该井的各项生产资料，或使该井正常产出原油或天然气并负责日后石油井的维护作业； 采油： 在石油井的正常生产过程中录取石油井的各项生产资料并对石油井的生产设备进行日常维护； 集输： 负责原油的对外输送工作；炼油 将输送到炼油厂的原油按要求炼制出不同的石油产品如汽油、柴油、煤油等！ 石油的性质因产地而异，密度为0.8 ~ 1.0 克/厘米3，粘度范围很宽，凝固点差别很大（30 ~ -60°C），沸点范围为常温到500°C以上，可容于多种有机溶剂，不溶于水，但可与水形成乳状液。 组成石油的化学元素主要是碳 （83% ~ 87%）、氢（11% ~ 14%），其余为硫（0.06% ~ 0.8%）、氮（0.02% ~ 1.7%）、氧（0.08% ~ 1.82%）及微量金属元素（镍、钒、铁等）。由碳和氢化合形成的烃类构成石油的主要组成部分，约占95% ~ 99%，含硫、 氧、氮的化合物对石油产品有害， 在石油加工中应尽量除去。不同产地的石油中，各种烃类的结构和所占比例相差很大， 但主要属于烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃三类。 通常以烷烃为主的石油称为石蜡基石油；以环烷烃、芳香烃为主的称环烃基石油；介于二者之间的称中间基石油。我国主要原油的特点是含蜡较多，凝固点高，硫含量低， 镍、氮含量中等，钒含量极少。除个别油田外，原油中汽油馏分较少，渣油占1/3。组成不同类的石油，加工方法有差别，产品的性能也不同，应当物尽其用。大庆原油的主要特点是含蜡量高，凝点高，硫含量低，属低硫石蜡基原油。 从寻找石油到利用石油，大致要经过四个主要环节，即寻找、开采、输送和加工，这四个环节一般又分别称为“石油勘探”、“油田开发”、“油气集输”和“石油炼制”。下面就这四个环节来追溯一下石油工业的发展历史。 “石油勘探”有许多方法，但地下是否有油，最终要靠钻井来证实。一个国家在钻井技术上的进步程度，往往反映了这个国家石油工业的发展状况，因此，有的国家竞相宣布本国钻了世界上第一口油井，以表示他们在石油工业发展上迈出了最早的一步。 “油田开发”指的是用钻井的办法证实了油气的分布范围，并且油井可以投入生产而形成一定生产规模。从这个意义上说，1821年四川富顺县自流井气田的开发是世界上最早的天然气田。 “油气集输”技术也随着油气的开发应运而生，公元1875年左右，自流井气田采用当地盛产的竹子为原料，去节打通，外用麻布缠绕涂以桐油，连接成我们现在称呼的“输气管道”，总长二、三百里，在当时的自流井地区，绵延交织的管线翻越丘陵，穿过沟涧，形成输气网络，使天然气的应用从井的附近延伸到远距离的盐灶，推动了气田的开发，使当时的天然气达到年产7000多万立方米。 至于“石油炼制”，起始的年代还要更早一些，北魏时所著的《水经注》，成书年代大约是公元512~518年，书中介绍了从石油中提炼润滑油的情况。英国科学家约瑟在有关论文中指出：“在公元十世纪，中国就已经有石油而且大量使用。由此可见，在这以前中国人就对石油进行蒸馏加工了”。说明早在公元六世纪我国就萌发了石油炼制工艺。 石油是一种液态的，以碳氢化合物为主要成分的矿产品。原油是从地下采出的石油，或称天然石油。人造石油是从煤或油页岩中提炼出的液态碳氢化合物。组成原油的主要元素是碳、氢、硫、氮、氧。 具有不同结构的碳氢化合物的混和物为主要成份的一种褐色、暗绿色或黑色液体。 伊拉克共和国的石油储量居世界第二位。 1. Petroleum Generation Studies have shown that the generation of oil needs at least 200 million years time, has now been found in the reservoir, the time of the oldest up to 5 million years old. In the long history of the Earth's evolving process, there are some "special" period, such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, a large number of plants and animals die, their bodies constitute a continuous decomposition of organic matter, and sediment, or carbonic-acid mixture of sediment, etc. composition of sediment layer. Due to continuous accumulation of thick sediment, resulting in temperature and pressure rise, and as this process of continuous, sedimentary layers into sedimentary rocks, thus the formation of sedimentary basins, which is generated for the oil provided the basic geological environment. With a variety of geological processes, sedimentary basins in the continuous accumulation of sediments. When the temperature and pressure reaches a certain degree, flora and fauna of sediment organic material into carbon and oxygen molecule and eventually produce oil and gas. 2. Oil accumulation Unlike the water gathered in the reservoir of oil in sedimentary basins, as gathered in the initial formation of the rock - oil-generating source rock, which is sedimentary rock, but through the pores of the rock, was squeezed into the lower-pressure distribution in rock cracks and pores in completely closed until the stay in the reservoir rock. The reservoir rock is a gathering of oil rock. The reservoir rock formation of the geological environment of the storage of oil - trap structure, which is to prevent migration of oil is continuing geological structures. This way the oil accumulation is like a sponge to absorb water is the same. It is precisely because the reservoir rock and trap construction, oil can be settled quietly in the ground, waiting for the arrival of excavator. The origin of oil First proposed the "oil" in the Northern Song Dynasty in China 977 AD, compiled the "Taiping Collections." Officially named as the "oil" is based on an outstanding scientist Shen Kuo Northern Song Dynasty China (1031 ~ 1095) in the book, "Meng Xi Bi Tan", the basis of this oil, "was born in the waters sand and gravel, mixed with spring water phase, and the desolate desolate out "and named. In the "oil" before the appearance of the word abroad called oil "the devil's sweat," "light water" and so on, the Chinese called "Shi Zhi water" and "raging fire oil", "Paint" and so on. We usually can be seen everywhere in daily life in the oil or its accessories of the figure, I do not know your attention to it? Such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, lubricants, asphalt, plastics, fibers, etc. There are many! These are extracted from the oil out; and used in our daily natural gas (LNG) from a specialized field in the output! Gas pipelines and gas stations through the territory to all households. At present the causes of the oil in two different ways: ① inorganic theory that oil is in the base of the formation of magma; ② both the organic theory of the various organisms such as animal, plant, especially the lower animals and plants, such as algae, bacteria, mussels shells, fish, etc. continue to sink after death, buried in the anoxic bay, lagoon, delta, lakes and other places, through many physical chemistry and finally evolved for oil. [Edit this paragraph] Morphology and Composition Of crude oil is very rich in color, with red, gold, dark green, black, brown red, or even transparent; oil color is itself contained in the resin and asphaltene content, including the higher the deeper the color. The more light the color of crude oil quality the better! Transparent and can be directly added to the crude oil tank in the car instead of gasoline! Components of crude oil are: oil quality (this is the main ingredient), resin (a sticky semi-solid substances), asphaltenes (dark brown or black brittle solid matter), carbon (a non-hydrocarbon) . Dominated by a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, and has a special smell, the colored oily flammable liquid! Natural gas, gaseous hydrocarbons are mainly composed of various gases, has a special smell, the colorless flammable gas mixture. In the entire oil system, the division of labor is relatively small: the Geophysical: dedicated to the use of a variety of geophysical equipment, combined with geological data in the area may contain oil and gas to determine the location of oil and gas layer; Drilling: drilling machinery and equipment used in oil and gas drilling out of a region of oil wells and the taking of the region's geological data; Underground operations: use of downhole operation equipment for the wells under the ground into a variety of downhole tools or production string in order to admit the well of the means of production, or so that the normal output of crude oil or natural gas wells and is responsible for future maintenance of oil well operations; Oil: In the course of normal production of oil wells in the taking of the means of production of oil wells and oil wells in production equipment for routine maintenance; Gathering and Transportation: Responsible for transportation of crude oil outside work; refining of crude oil will be transported to the refinery as required different refining of petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.! The nature of the oil varies by origin, the density of 0.8 ~ 1.0 g / cm 3, viscosity range is very wide, very different freezing point (30 ~ -60 ° C), boiling point range above ambient temperature to 500 ° C can be tolerated by the a variety of organic solvents, insoluble in water, but can with water to form an emulsion. Chemical element composition of the oil is mainly carbon (83% ~ 87%), hydrogen (11% ~ 14%), the rest of sulfur (0.06% ~ 0.8%), nitrogen (0.02% ~ 1.7%), oxygen (0.08% ~ 1.82%) and trace metals (nickel, vanadium, iron, etc.). Combined carbon and hydrogen by the formation of hydrocarbons constitute a major component of oil, accounting for 95% ~ 99%, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen compounds right petroleum products harmful to the oil processing should be removed. Different areas of the oil in a variety of hydrocarbon structure and the proportion varied widely, but the main part of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics three categories. Usually referred to as paraffin wax paraffin-based petroleum-based oil; to cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbon-based oil, said ring alkyl; between the middle between the two is called the base oil. China's major crude oil is characterized by waxy more, the high freezing point, sulfur content is low, nickel, nitrogen content in medium vanadium content is extremely low. Apart from individual oil fields, the crude oil, gasoline fraction less residue, accounting for 1 / 3. Composed of different types of oil, there are different processing methods, product performance are also different, it should make the best use of them. The main characteristics of Daqing crude oil with high wax content, high pour point, sulfur content is low, is a low sulfur paraffin base crude oil. From the search for oil to the use of oil, generally have to go through four key areas, namely, finding, mining, transportation and processing, the four links in general also are known as the "oil exploration", "oil field development", "oil and gas gathering and transportation" and " petroleum refining. " Here's what these four areas to trace the history of the oil industry. "Oil Exploration" There are many ways, but whether there is oil underground and ultimately rely on drilling to /confirm/i. A country's technological sophistication of drilling, often reflecting the country's oil industry development situation, therefore, some countries race to announce world's first national drilling an oil well, to show their development in the oil industry has taken the first step. "Oil Field Development" refers to the method is confirmed by drilling oil and gas distribution, and production wells can be put into a certain scale of production. In this sense, Fushun County, Sichuan Province in 1821 artesian gas field development is the world's oldest gas field. "Oil and Gas Gathering and Transportation," technology with the development of oil and gas has emerged around 1875 AD, artesian well field using locally produced bamboo as raw material, open up to the festival, topical wound linen coated with tung oil, connected we are now calling for a "lose - gas pipeline, "chief of two or three hundred years, at the time of the artesian area, stretching interwoven pipeline crossing the hills, across the ditch stream to form a gas transmission network, so that the application of natural gas from wells in the vicinity of salt extends to distant foci, promoted the development of gas fields, so that when the gas to reach an annual output of more than 7000 million cubic meters. As for the "oil refining", starting the era of even sooner, when the Northern Wei Dynasty book "Waterways," a book about age 512 ~ 518 AD, the book describes the oil extracted from oil of . British scientist Joseph in the paper, said: "In the tenth century AD, China already has the oil, and heavy use. Thus, in this former Chinese were processed for oil distillation." Instructions as early as the sixth century AD on the germination of China's oil refining process. Oil is a liquid in order to hydrocarbons as the main component of the mineral. Crude oil out of oil from underground mining, or natural oil. Synthetic oil is from coal or oil shale to extract liquid hydrocarbons. The main elements of the composition of crude oil is carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Structures with different mixtures of hydrocarbons as the main ingredients of a brown, dark green or black liquid. The Republic of Iraq's oil reserves, ranks second in the world.